Managing Creativity and Innovation (amazon affiliate link) is a key management skill these days with many managers expected to drive more and more innovations forward in order to increase competitive advantage.
In order to be able to manage innovation, the manager should be first aware of the different types of innovation.
Ideas provide the creative input to the management process and therefore managers should be aware of techniques to enhance creativity.
Scanning the external environment can aid in finding new ideas, you should monitor customers, suppliers, competitors, and any news bulletins or journals directly related to the markets in which your organization operates. In fact, a term has been defined specifically related to reaching beyond your internal environment with respect to innovation – see open market innovation for further details.
Also, you should attempt to define the culture (create an environment where people at all levels feel free to generate ideas – see the suggestion box article. If people feel that their thoughts and ideas will be valued then they are more likely to come forward with new ideas.
All ideas should be documented and the best chosen based on potential market value and costs/resources available. It is important not to outright dismiss any ideas not chosen for immediate implementation.
Keep detailed documentation of all ideas as they may prove useful as the market or circumstances change.
The innovation process is an inherently complex process and is therefore difficult to predict or control and occasionally innovations simply emerge by luck, chance or just being in the right place at the right time rather than good management. Take the examples of:
3M scotch guard where the product was accidentally spilled on a tennis shoe and the material was noted to stay clean of stains for longer, or post-it notes, which were a result of glue that wasn’t quite sticky enough.
Or consider the Splenda sweetener product which originally started out as an insecticide product but when a chemist was told to test the product he mistakenly read the word test as taste, which he did despite the fact that the product could have potentially been extremely toxic!
And then there is the discovery of penicillin that came about when Alexander Fleming was curious as to why bacteria would not grow near the penicillin fungus on his desk. This discovery ultimately changed life forever by saving millions of people from potentially fatal bacterial infections.
A core challenge related to managing creativity and innovation is stimulating and motivating people to come forward with ideas – the creativity aspect. Then determining which ideas are worthy of pursuing further, followed by a strong method to quickly put the idea into action – the organization and management aspect of the process.
When choosing an idea you should know what you are, what you do, and where you are going in terms of the organization in which you operate. Look closely at your mission statement, company values, and major strategic direction. Ensure ideas that are put forward for implementation complement this.
When ideas are converted into innovation projects ensure that you have key stakeholder buy-in and that you have defined what is in scope and out of scope with all of the major deliverables defined.
While managing creativity and innovation, try to get your team to complete something quickly this will help them maintain momentum you might consider starting with a prototype to better aid approval and buy in from key stakeholders. Once complete and you have something to demonstrate then look at making incremental improvements.
On the way, you will probably make mistakes as change is inherently risky and therefore always raises the possibility of mistakes. Take mistakes as learning opportunities and pick yourself and your team up as quickly as possible and move on. It is better to make mistakes and move in a positive forward direction than it is to simply maintain the status quo.
Managing creativity is key to competitive advantage because the successful generation and exploitation of ideas are essential for sustained success in the marketplace.
DEFINITIONS
It is probably best to start with an understanding of exactly what is innovation and a definition of creativity as the two are often used interchangeably, however, there is a clear distinction.
Creativity is the thinking that puts forward different understandings of a situation whereas innovation is the actual implementation of creative ideas, which often results in a new product, service, or process.
SOURCES OF CREATIVE IDEAS
When managing creativity you need to be aware of where creative ideas can originate…
Employees – Your employees work closely with your processes, day-to-day issues/problems, and with your customers. They will no doubt have very detailed knowledge of such and be in a position to recognize threats, opportunities and suggest ways that things could be improved.
Customers – Your customers are an important source of information. Customers usually purchase a product or service to assist then with some task, job, or requirement. Understanding that requirement and in particular how well you are meeting that requirement can be key. Listen, understand, and think about complaints, feedback and praise that you receive from your customers.
Suppliers – Relationships with suppliers can be used to your advantage. Look out for ideas and processes used by your supplier that could be translated over to your organization.
External environment – Ideas can come from many sources and therefore being aware of the environment beyond your organization is key. Read widely, newspapers, journal articles, trade / professional papers.
Chance – Creativity can often stem simply from some unplanned circumstances. For example, it is said that 3M’s Scotchgard product was developed after an employee spilled some chemicals on her running shoes and noticed that the area affected by the spill kept cleaner longer than the rest of her shoe.
Competitors – Actively seeking intelligence on your competitors can alert you to new developments, which in turn can lead to new ideas on how best to compete.
YOU SHOULD ALSO CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT OPEN FOR CREATIVITY
When managing creativity you should also allow your team to set aside time for being creative – for example, at Google staff are encouraged to set aside 20% of their time to work on projects unrelated to their main job.
Also…
Have a staff room or cafeteria where employees can chat with each other.
Have reading areas where employees can have quiet thinking time or can research a particular topic of interest.
Put in place web-based chat and knowledge management tools to enable employees to share ideas on projects or offer subject matter expert type information to other project teams.
Encourage a climate of creativity where people have respect for one another and where energy and enthusiasm rule the day. Limit rules and bureaucracy.
Set aside meeting times where ideas can be discussed in an open forum. Include all ideas, not just the ones that you think are good.
Encourage people to put forward ideas. Provide incentives and an idea submission box or a web-based tool for the submission of ideas.
Try and replace the tried and tested with the new and imaginative
PROMOTING CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION
Creative, value-driven ideas can form the basis of strong competitive advantage and are therefore advantageous to yourself and the organization that you work for. For this reason, when managing creativity it is also important to promote creativity and innovation within your team.
Welcome all ideas however ridiculous they may seem at first and praise people for coming forward with ideas. Use tact to graciously put aside any ideas that are unworkable. Don’t judge too quickly though… many great ideas are rejected prematurely due to not enough time been taken to make an informed decision. Please see how to judge creativity for a full article on this interesting topic.
Also consider that ideas that at first seem unusable could become useful in a different context, time period, or when combined with other ideas. For further details please visit promoting creativity.
USE TECHNIQUES FOR CREATIVITY
Creativity techniques can greatly assist the idea generation process an essential element of managing creativity…
Consider using such techniques as:
Brainstorming where you usually meet as a group and have an open-ended discussion related to generating new ideas. The key to this process is the logging of ideas i.e. no idea should be dismissed regardless of how crazy it may sound. Evaluation is kept for a later meeting.
Lateral thinking – pioneered by Edward De Bono is a method that encourages different ways of thinking by changing concepts and pre-conceptions
Mind mapping – developed by Tony Buzan is a tool that mirrors the way we map, link together, and retrieve facts in the brain. It uses pictures, images, and colors to further emphasize ideas.
CREATIVITY PROFILE
Visit the creativity profile page for information on undertaking a profile of your creative abilities.
FURTHER READING
If you like to read more on the subject of managing creativity then please visit the following…
The management of technology and innovation can refer to using/managing technology tools and resources as an enabler to innovation and it can also refer to the using / managing technological breakthroughs as the catalyst to new innovative products and or processes.
“the design, invention, development and / or implementation of new or altered products, services, processes, systems, organizational structures, or business models for the purpose of creating value for customers and financial returns for the firm.”
Incremental innovations improve your product or process and therefore should keep your customers motivated in terms of repeat purchases.
Radical innovations can provide a true competitive advantage in terms of having the potential to substantially increase the size of the existing market.
In our modern world often as important as the innovation management process is the management and organization of the firm’s knowledge as an enabler to innovation. Technology is often used to support the knowledge management initiatives that assist in promoting the innovation process, often in the form of knowledge management tools.
Knowledge management tools enable knowledge to be recorded and distributed across the organization. Such strengthening of a firm’s knowledge capabilities has been shown to have a positive effect on a firm’s innovation abilities, for example, refer to Leonard-Barton’s 1995 book – Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and Sustaining the Sources of Innovation by Harvard Business School Press (Amazon affiliate link)
This adds an extra layer of complexity to the manager’s role as now not only does she need to be fully aware of the skills, techniques, and complexities of managing innovation but also needs to be aware and fully conversant in the use of the knowledge management tools that are in place within the organization.
The manager needs to ensure that such tools are being used effectively throughout the organization. Use is a requirement in order to strengthen the firm’s knowledge and in turn to increase the firm’s innovative outputs.
The other side of the management of technology and innovation is the use of new breakthrough technologies as an enabler or source of new innovations. The manager needs to be aware of the time lag between the development of technology and the commercialization of a product or service. The manager must also ensure that she regularly scans the external environment both in and out of her field-of-reference for new technologies. The quicker you are aware of a new technology the faster that you can use it as a source of new innovation.
Modern knowledge management tools often incorporate blogs, wikis, or other discussion type portals where users can raise and discuss new technologies as they become available. Ideally, such tools will also span organization divisions as many innovations spawn from such synergies in terms of applying one particular field’s technology to an entirely different field. For example, global positioning satellite systems were never originally designed to be used in a family vehicle.
I like playing music…I began playing music on the piano when I was twelve years old. I was lucky enough to take lessons with a Grand Musician who had two beautiful Grand Pianos and lived at the end of the block. For the lessons, I would dust the beautiful pianos with a purple feather duster. Mr. Adair didn’t teach me scales. After some easy note reading assignments, we began on a grand composition, “In A Persian Market” by Ketelby. He would play…holding his hands high up over the keys, and the beauty of the sound captivated me. I wanted to recreate that sound. So I labored at home on my rather ordinary piano. When I took a break from it, I found music books and began to discover many different songs and I would unlock the music note by note.
Today when I want to unlock a problem and look for solutions I play music, like the guitar now. I don’t care that I play by reading tabs. That’s like a sort of “paint by number” When I play the world disappears. I have a friend who plays the accordion while I have learned to play chords. Playing chords is newer for me because I was playing classical before. If you can find an instrument, a harmonica, Chinese Gongs, a drum…and lose yourself in creating the sound. I like American Musical Supply because I can make payments with no interest. I highly recommend it.
The neighborhood children who took lessons with Loren Adair were gathered at his house to play for the neighborhood. It was a grand night. I lost my nerve. I ran home. Later Mr. Adair came to our house to urge me to resume lessons. I didn’t. years past…Then I played at SBCC, “In a Persian Market” and you can see it on youtube!!!!
Make Them The Fool Of The School: Redefined for Success
Ever feel like you’re just another face in the crowd? Like your brilliant ideas are going unnoticed, or worse, getting steamrolled by the status quo? It’s time to stop blending in and start standing out. This isn’t about petty revenge; it’s about intelligent strategy, creative disruption, and making an undeniable impact. We’re going to explore how to leverage your unique perspective and innovative thinking to become unforgettable, not for the wrong reasons, but for the right ones – your brilliance.
Forget the playground tactics. In the professional arena, the real game is about making your mark through genuine ingenuity and strategic foresight. Think of it like this: you wouldn’t try to win a chess match by knocking over the pieces, right? You use strategy, anticipate moves, and outthink your opponent. The same applies to your career and your projects. It’s about being so good, so innovative, and so insightful that your contributions are impossible to ignore.
The first step to making a significant impact is to tap into your innate creativity. This isn’t a mystical talent reserved for a select few; it’s a muscle you can strengthen with practice. We’re talking about cultivating a mindset that actively seeks out new perspectives and challenges the status quo. It’s about looking at problems not as roadblocks, but as opportunities waiting to be reimagined.
Cultivating a Creative Mindset
Embrace Curiosity: Constantly ask ‘why’ and ‘what if.’ Don’t accept things at face value. Dig deeper.
Seek Diverse Input: Surround yourself with people who think differently. Read broadly, listen actively, and explore different industries. This is where truly novel ideas often emerge.
Challenge Assumptions: Actively question the underlying beliefs and assumptions that shape your thinking and your organization’s approach. This is a cornerstone of challenging confirmation bias for breakthrough ideas.
Practice Mindfulness: Sometimes, the best ideas come when you’re not actively trying to force them. Give your mind space to wander and connect disparate thoughts.
The Art of Strategic Ideation
Once you’ve got your creative juices flowing, the next step is to harness that energy into actionable ideas. This isn’t just about brainstorming a million random thoughts; it’s about employing structured techniques to generate high-quality, relevant concepts. Think of your ideation process as a funnel – wide at the top, with methods to filter and refine down to the most promising avenues.
Powerful Ideation Techniques
There’s a whole toolkit out there for generating brilliant ideas. Instead of just throwing ideas at the wall, let’s get strategic:
Divergent Thinking: This is all about generating as many ideas as possible without judgment. Techniques like mind mapping and free association are fantastic here. Exploring various divergent thinking methods can unlock unexpected solutions.
SCAMPER: This is a powerful checklist for transforming existing ideas or products. By asking Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Modify, Put to another use, Eliminate, and Reverse, you can spark significant innovation. It’s a fantastic tool for both new product development and business model innovation, as detailed in our guide on SCAMPER for Business Model Innovation and SCAMPER for New Product Development.
TRIZ Principles: For those tackling complex technical problems, TRIZ offers a systematic approach based on patterns of invention. It provides a framework to solve contradictions inherent in innovation, drawing on a database of successful inventive solutions. Learning about TRIZ principles can be a game-changer.
Brainstorming with Purpose: Go beyond the basic “everyone shout out ideas.” Use structured brainstorming strategies that encourage participation and build upon each other’s ideas.
Strategic Filtering and Selection
Not all ideas are created equal. Once you have a robust set of possibilities, you need to filter them. This involves evaluating ideas against your goals, feasibility, and potential impact. Think about creating an innovation portfolio where you balance short-term wins with long-term bets. This strategic filtering is crucial for effective business model innovation strategies.
Crafting Your Masterpiece: From Concept to Reality
Ideas are just the beginning. The real magic happens when you bring them to life. This phase requires careful planning, execution, and a willingness to adapt. It’s about transforming abstract concepts into tangible realities that resonate with your audience.
User-Centricity as Your Compass
The most successful innovations are those that deeply understand and address user needs. User-centric product innovation means putting the end-user at the heart of every decision. This involves empathy, active listening, and rigorous testing. Frameworks like Design Thinking for Product Development and Service Design Thinking Foundations are invaluable here. Remember, a product or service that doesn’t solve a real problem for someone will struggle to gain traction.
Innovation often requires resources, and managing those resources wisely is paramount. This isn’t about having an unlimited budget, but about making strategic investments. Explore different Creative Project Funding Models and ensure your Creative Project Budgeting reflects the value and potential of your innovative endeavors. Understanding your organization’s understanding of risk appetite in innovation is also critical for securing the necessary buy-in.
Project Management for Innovators
Even the most groundbreaking ideas need solid project management to succeed. Methodologies like Scrum for Innovative Project Management provide frameworks that balance structure with the flexibility needed for creative work. This allows teams to adapt to changing requirements and deliver value incrementally, which is also a key aspect of Innovation in Lean Six Sigma Implementation.
Debunking Innovation Myths
The path to impactful innovation is often shrouded in misconceptions. Let’s clear the air by addressing some common myths:
Myth
Fact
Innovation requires a massive budget and a dedicated R&D department.
Innovation can happen at any scale, with any budget. It’s more about the mindset and the process. Even small, focused efforts can yield significant results, and effective ideation techniques are often low-cost.
You need to invent something entirely new to be innovative.
Innovation often involves improving existing products, services, or processes. Think about incremental innovation, adaptation, and applying existing concepts in novel ways. This is where creative problem solving techniques shine.
Only ‘creative types’ can be innovators.
Creativity is a skill that can be developed and applied by anyone. Diverse perspectives and a willingness to experiment are key. A building a creative workplace culture fosters innovation from all corners.
Ultimately, making a lasting impression isn’t about embarrassing others; it’s about contributing something valuable. It’s about being so excellent, so insightful, and so creative that your work speaks for itself. By adopting holistic innovation approaches, focusing on user needs, executing with agility, and managing your projects effectively, you’ll not only stand out but also drive meaningful change. Embrace the journey of innovation, and you’ll find yourself not playing the fool, but leading the way.
The power to make a significant impact lies within your ability to innovate, adapt, and execute. Whether you’re leveraging the latest in Generative AI for Artistic Expression or applying timeless Creative Problem Solving Frameworks, the goal is the same: to create value and leave your mark. Think differently. It’s about being the smartest person in the room, not by being the loudest, but by being the most insightful.
It’s key to maintain momentum with your innovative ideas. Innovations often take time to produce the desired results and maintaining momentum can be a difficult thing to achieve.
Projects can move too slowly or get veered off track for a number of reasons…
For example:
Key project resources could transfer off the project, or
Financial support could run dry
Or changes in the market might result in new requirements in order for the project to remain successful.
At the initial outset, it’s relatively easy to get people excited and motivated with the vision for a great new innovative idea, however, it’s another thing entirely to maintain that motivation throughout the full lifecycle of the project, particularly if the project is likely to span many months.
Set a clear, easy to understand, direction for your team and sell it well so that you gain buy-in and support from all involved.
Maintaining momentum requires key project stakeholders such as the project champion and project leader to keep a high state of enthusiasm within the team.
Communication is key… You should communicate with all of the key stakeholders on a regular basis. Use many different forms of communication and consider inviting key stakeholders to progress meetings where you can demonstrate progress made so far and where you can highlight any obstacles or project risks.
Never forget the communication motto… “Communicate, communicate, and then communicate again!”
Also, focussing on a small number of clear short term goals that gradually ease you closer to your long term vision can be extremely useful.
Try and match goals to the individual. Some people are naturally more suited to some goals rather than others. If you are able to readily match people to goals that motivate them and closely match their skill sets and strengths while still giving them some room to be challenged and for growth then you’re already in a strong position.
Think about how you can measure your progress too. Having a small number of easily updateable metrics can act as a useful gauge to measure your progress against. Metrics can also enable team members to compete with one another in a friendly motivational way.
Overall just try and Keep your Mr. Motivator hat on at all times as it can be a long and challenging road to get from innovative ideas to successful implementation.
Good luck!
The Magic Carpet: Your Vehicle for Business Innovation
Remember those carefree days of childhood, when a simple blanket transformed into a flying carpet, whisking you away to lands of imagination? That same boundless spirit of adventure and transformation is the essence of true business innovation. It’s not just about incremental tweaks; it’s about charting new territories, reimagining possibilities, and creating something truly magical from the ordinary. Let’s explore how we can harness that ‘magic carpet’ energy to propel your business forward.
From Playtime Fantasy to Strategic Reality
At its core, the ‘magic carpet’ idea represents a vehicle for movement and exploration. In the business world, this translates to navigating the complex landscape of market changes, competitive pressures, and evolving customer needs. It’s about having a system that allows you to move swiftly, adapt to new terrains, and arrive at innovative destinations.
Think about how companies like Netflix transitioned from DVD rentals to streaming, or how Apple revolutionized personal music with the iPod and then the iPhone. These weren’t just product updates; they were bold leaps on a ‘magic carpet,’ driven by a desire to reinvent industries and deliver unprecedented value.
The Engine of Innovation: Cultivating the Right Mindset
What fuels this magical journey? It starts with cultivating a culture where curiosity thrives and experimentation is encouraged. This isn’t just about having a creative department; it’s about fostering an environment where everyone feels empowered to think differently.
Embrace Divergent Thinking: Encourage the exploration of multiple solutions and perspectives. Techniques like Divergent Thinking Methods are crucial for generating a wide array of initial ideas.
Challenge the Status Quo: Regularly question existing processes, assumptions, and business models. Ask ‘what if?’ and ‘why not?’ often.
Foster Psychological Safety: Create an environment where team members feel safe to propose unconventional ideas without fear of ridicule or penalty. This is foundational to Building a Creative Workplace.
Charting Your Course: Ideation and Strategy
Once the engine is humming, you need a map and a compass. This involves structured approaches to generating and refining ideas, ensuring they align with your strategic goals.
Mastering Ideation Techniques: Go beyond basic Brainstorming Strategies. Explore methods like SCAMPER, TRIZ, or design thinking workshops. For instance, SCAMPER for Business Model Innovation can help you systematically rethink every aspect of how your business creates, delivers, and captures value.
Strategic Portfolio Management: Not all ideas are created equal. Implement robust Innovation Portfolio Management to prioritize initiatives based on strategic fit, potential impact, and risk.
Understanding Risk Appetite: Innovation inherently involves risk. Clearly define your organization’s Understanding Risk Appetite in Innovation to guide decision-making and resource allocation.
Building Your Magic Carpet: Prototyping and Development
Ideas, however brilliant, remain theoretical until they are brought to life. This is where the tangible construction of your ‘magic carpet’ begins – through rapid prototyping and iterative development.
A Step-by-Step Guide to Bringing Your Innovation to Life
Conceptualize & Design: Define the core problem and the proposed solution. Utilize Design Thinking for Product Development to ensure user needs are at the forefront.
Low-Fidelity Prototyping: Create basic models using sketches, wireframes, or simple mockups. Digital Prototyping Tools can accelerate this stage.
User Feedback Loop: Test your low-fi prototypes with target users. Gather insights and identify areas for improvement. This embodies the principles of User-Centric Product Innovation.
High-Fidelity Prototyping: Develop more detailed and functional prototypes. Consider 3D Printing for Concept Exploration for physical products.
Iterative Refinement: Based on feedback, refine the design and functionality. Employ Agile for Rapid Prototyping to adapt quickly to learnings.
Pilot Testing: Launch a limited version of the product or service in a controlled environment.
Full-Scale Launch: Introduce the innovation to the broader market, continuously monitoring performance and gathering feedback for ongoing improvement.
Navigating the Skies: Project Management and Funding
Even the most magical journey requires skillful piloting and resources. Effective project management and funding strategies are essential for keeping your innovation afloat.
Agile Methodologies: For many innovative projects, the flexibility and responsiveness of Scrum for Innovative Project Management are invaluable. It allows teams to adapt to changing requirements and deliver value incrementally.
Lean Principles: Embrace the Lean Startup for Creative Ventures approach to minimize waste and maximize learning through validated customer insights.
Creative Funding: Explore unconventional Creative Project Funding Models, such as crowdfunding, venture capital, or internal innovation funds, to secure the necessary resources. Careful Creative Project Budgeting ensures funds are allocated effectively.
The Destination: Sustainable Innovation and Growth
Ultimately, the ‘magic carpet’ of innovation isn’t just about the ride; it’s about the destination. It’s about achieving sustainable growth, creating lasting value for customers, and making a meaningful impact. This requires a Holistic Innovation Approaches that integrates creativity into every facet of the organization, from strategy and culture to product development and operations. Even foundational Service Design Thinking Foundations can significantly impact customer experience and drive innovation.
Fact: Innovation is crucial for businesses of all sizes and across all industries. Whether it’s a small bakery rethinking its customer ordering process or a large CPG company developing a new sustainable packaging solution, innovation is about creating new value. For example, applying **[Innovation in Lean Six Sigma Implementation](https://innovation-creativity.com/innovation-in-lean-six-sigma-implementation/)** can be highly innovative within established manufacturing environments.
Myth: You need a huge budget for innovation.
Fact: While significant investments can accelerate innovation, many breakthroughs come from creative resourcefulness and strategic thinking. Techniques like **[Lean Startup for Creative Ventures](https://innovation-creativity.com/lean-startup-for-creative-ventures/)** emphasize learning and iteration with minimal initial investment. Effective **[Creative Problem Solving Frameworks](https://innovation-creativity.com/creative-problem-solving-frameworks/)** can unlock significant value without requiring massive budgets.
— Interactive Scenario —
Imagine your company is facing declining market share in a rapidly evolving sector. Your R&D team has presented two distinct innovation proposals:
A radical, high-risk, high-reward project aiming to disrupt the market with a completely new technology. This aligns with a bold Business Model Innovation Strategies approach but carries significant financial and technical uncertainty. It may require substantial upfront investment and a longer development cycle, potentially impacting short-term financial goals.
An incremental improvement project focused on enhancing existing product features to meet immediate customer demands. This is lower risk and offers a quicker path to market but may not secure long-term competitive advantage.
Your board is pushing for predictable returns, but you know that true long-term survival requires bold moves. How do you navigate this decision? Do you prioritize short-term stability or long-term disruption?
Your ‘magic carpet’ for business innovation is ready. It’s built on a foundation of curiosity, strategic planning, agile execution, and a willingness to explore the unknown. By embracing these principles and utilizing the right frameworks, you can embark on transformative journeys that lead to remarkable success. Remember, the most significant innovations often come from those who dare to believe in the magic of what’s possible, and actively work to make it a reality. To avoid falling into traps, consider Challenging Confirmation Bias for Breakthrough Ideas.
November 1963…
You wouldn’t have to grapple with a lunch-box meal if you carried it in this plastic box.
After unhooking the domed top (with its clipped-in vacuum bottle), you’d let down the hinged sides to form a tray.
Blocked-in ends would keep food from sliding and catch spills if the box were used as a lap tray.
Disclosure: As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Martin Gilliard is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.co.uk.
Additionally, this site displays Google AdSense advertisements.
You may also be interested in my other website leadership-and-development.com covering topics on leadership and personal development.
